When you reach the screen from the screenshots, what happens next? Does it automatically reboot? If not, can you try logging in (i.e., just type in the credentials as if you’re at login prompt)? Both username and password are ‘outernet’.
If logging in works, please generate the diagnostics report and save to the SD card:
diagnostics | sudo tee /mnt/data/diags.txt
sync
Then you can power off the Pi and get the diagnostics report from the SD card (from the last partition).